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The fan motor is the core power device that drives the fan to rotate and achieve gas conveyance, such as ventilation, smoke exhaust, and air supply.
The fan motor is the core power device that drives the fan to rotate and achieve gas conveyance, such as ventilation, smoke exhaust, and air supply. It is widely used in industrial production, building ventilation, household appliances, and other fields. Its performance directly determines the fan's airflow, wind pressure, energy consumption, and operational stability. It is necessary to select an appropriate type based on specific scene requirements, such as load size, environmental conditions, and control accuracy.
Based on power supply type and structural principles, fan motors are mainly divided into two major categories, with significant differences in applicable scenarios and performance:
Classification Dimension Specific Types Core Features Applicable Scenarios
By Power Supply Type AC Motor (Alternating Current Motor) Simple structure, low cost, easy maintenance, and the mainstream choice in the fan field; requires external devices (such as frequency converters) for speed regulation Most general scenarios: industrial fans (such as boiler draft fans), building ventilation fans, household air conditioners / range hood fans
DC Motor (Direct Current Motor) High speed regulation accuracy, large starting torque, and lower energy consumption; but requires rectification devices, higher cost Scenarios requiring high speed regulation and energy efficiency: small precision fans (such as computer cooling fans), new energy vehicle air conditioning fans, medical equipment ventilation systems
By Structural Principles (Segmentation AC Motor) Asynchronous Motor (Induction Motor) No brushes, strong reliability, low cost; low power factor at startup, speed regulation depends on frequency converters Industrial large fans (such as centrifugal ventilators), commercial central air
When selecting a fan motor, the following parameters must be closely considered to ensure compatibility with the fan's load requirements:
Rated Power (P)
The maximum output power of the motor during long-term stable operation (unit: kW / watts), which needs to match the fan's 'required shaft power'—insufficient power can lead to motor overload and burnout, while excessive power results in energy waste.
Example: For a centrifugal fan with a required power of 10kW, select a motor with a rated power of ≥10kW (considering a margin, typically 1.1-1.2 times).
Rated Speed (n)
The speed of the motor at rated power (unit: r/min, revolutions per minute), directly determining the fan's airflow and pressure (higher speed generally results in higher airflow and pressure, which needs to be calculated in conjunction with the fan impeller diameter).
Common motor speeds for fans: 2900r/min (2-pole motor), 1450r/min (4-pole motor), 960r/min (6-pole motor) (Note: Asynchronous motors have an actual speed slightly lower than synchronous speed, e.g., a 4-pole motor has a synchronous speed of 1500r/min, but an actual speed of about 1450r/min).
Rated Voltage (U)
The supply voltage required for normal motor operation, which must match the on-site power source.
Industrial scenarios: Commonly 380V (three-phase AC), large fans may use 6kV/10kV (high-voltage motors);
Household / small-scale scenarios: 220V (single-phase AC), such as kitchen range hood fans.
Protection Level (IP Rating)
Indicates the motor's dust and water resistance, formatted as 'IPXX' (the first X = dust protection level, 0-6; the second X = water protection level, 0-9K), which should be selected based on the fan's operating environment:
Dry and clean environments (e.g., office ventilation): IP20/IP30;
Moist / dusty environments (e.g., workshop dust extraction, kitchen range hoods): IP54/IP55 (dustproof + splash-proof);
Outdoor / rainy environments (e.g., roof axial fans): IP65 (fully dustproof + water jet-proof).
Insulation Class
The heat resistance level of the motor winding insulation material, determining the highest temperature the motor can withstand, which must match the ambient temperature:
Common classes: B class (maximum temperature 130°C), F class (155°C), H class (180°C);
High-temperature environments (e.g., boiler draft fans, drying equipment fans): Select F class or H class insulation motors to prevent insulation layer aging and burnout.
Common faults and maintenance points for fans and motors are often related to 'overloading, poor heat dissipation, and environmental erosion.' Regular maintenance can extend their lifespan:
1.Common faults and causes
Motor overheating (tripping / burning out)
Causes: ① Bearing wear (lack of lubrication or aging); ② Misalignment between motor shaft and fan shaft (not calibrated during installation); ③ Winding faults (inter-turn short circuits, loose connections).
Motor fails to start
Causes: ① Power failure (missing phase, disconnected wiring); ② Damaged start capacitor (common in single-phase asynchronous motors); ③ Burned windings (insulation damage leading to short circuits).
2. Key points for daily maintenance
Regular cleaning: Remove dust and oil from the motor casing and heat sinks to ensure good heat dissipation (especially in dusty environments);
Lubrication maintenance: For motors with bearings, add grease every 3-6 months (choose suitable type, such as No. 3 lithium-based grease) to prevent dry grinding;
Preliminary inspection and monitoring: Check motor temperature during operation (touch the casing, should not exceed 60°C), noise, and vibration, and stop immediately if abnormalities are found;
Environmental protection: In humid environments, take moisture-proof measures (e.g., installing rain covers), and in corrosive environments, choose corrosion-resistant materials (e.g., stainless steel motor casings).
3. Technological development trends
With the increasing demand for 'energy saving and consumption reduction' and 'intelligent control,' fans and motors are evolving in the following directions:
Efficiency improvement: Promoting 'Grade 1 energy efficiency' motors (such as IE4/IE5 high-efficiency asynchronous motors), which reduce energy consumption by 10%-20% compared to traditional motors, aligning with industrial energy-saving policies;
Variable frequency: Using variable frequency drives to achieve 'speed adjustment as needed'—when the fan does not need to run at full load (e.g., during low periods of building ventilation), reducing motor speed to save energy, especially suitable for variable air volume scenarios;
Integration: 'Fan - Motor - Variable Frequency Drive' integrated design simplifies installation and debugging, enhancing system stability (e.g., DC variable frequency fan modules in home air conditioners);
Intelligence: Integrating temperature, current, and vibration sensors, using the Internet of Things (IoT) for real-time monitoring of motor status, enabling fault warnings and remote maintenance (common in industrial large fans).