Looking for a umuyoboro wa tuneli urwanya ruswa ibyo bitanga igihe kirekire kwizerwa mubidukikije bikaze? Nkuruganda rutaziguye, tuzobereye mubuhanga bwubuhanga bwoguhumeka neza bugamije guhangana n’imiti ikaze, ubuhehere bwinshi, nubushyuhe bukabije. Uruganda rwacu rwerekana ibiciro byerekana neza ko wakiriye ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bidafite urwego rwo hagati, bikatubera umufatanyabikorwa wifuza ibikorwa remezo bisaba kuramba no gukoresha neza.
Niki gisobanura umuyoboro mwinshi wo kwangirika-Kurwanya umuyoboro wa tunnel?
A umuyoboro wa tuneli urwanya ruswa ntabwo ari umuyaga usanzwe gusa ufite ikote; ni igice cyihariye cyimashini zinganda zakozwe kugirango zikore ubudahwema mu kirere kirimo imyuka ya aside, igihu cya saline, cyangwa imyotsi yubumara. Mu mirenge nko gucukura amabuye y'agaciro, gutunganya amazi mabi, no gutunganya imiti, abafana b'ibyuma bisanzwe birananirana vuba kubera okiside no kwangiza imiti.
Itandukaniro ryibanze riri mubumenyi bwa siyansi bukoreshwa kubitera, amazu, hamwe na moteri. Abayobozi b'inganda bakoresha ibikoresho byateye imbere, nka plastiki ikomezwa na fibre (FRP), cyangwa ibyuma byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bidafite ibyuma nka 316L, kugirango babone ubusugire bwimiterere mumyaka mirongo. Ibi bikoresho birinda microscopique gutobora no guturika mubisanzwe biganisha ku gutsindwa kwabafana muri zone zangirika.
Ikigeretse kuri ibyo, igishushanyo mbonera cya aerodinamike kigomba kuguma kitavogerwa nubwo ubucucike buremereye bwibikoresho bimwe. Igice cyukuri kirwanya ruswa gikomeza gukora neza mugihe cyo kurwanya ibitero byimiti byangiza imyirondoro yicyuma kandi bigahagarika imbaraga zumwuka. Ubu buringanire hagati yimiti irwanya imiti nindege ikora nikimenyetso kiranga inganda nziza.
Tekinoroji Yibikoresho Byingenzi Byakoreshejwe Mubikorwa Bigezweho
Guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye nintambwe yambere yo kwemeza kuramba. Guhitamo biterwa cyane nubushakashatsi bwihariye bwibidukikije aho hazashyirwaho umufana. Ibisubizo nyamukuru byibanze byibanda kubintu bitatu byibanze:
- Fibre-Yongerewe ingufu za plastiki (FRP): Nibyiza kubidukikije bya acide cyane cyangwa alkaline aho ioni ishobora gukora. FRP itanga imbaraga nziza-ku bipimo hamwe no kurwanya ruswa idashobora gukenera andi mavuta.
- Amavuta yo kwisiga (304 / 316L): Bikunzwe kubisabwa bisaba gukomera kurwego rwo hejuru no kurwanya umunyu cyangwa imiti yoroheje. 316L ifite akamaro kanini kurwanya chloride.
- Umwihariko wa Epoxy Coatings: Bikoreshwa mubyuma bya karubone byubusa. Iyi myenda myinshi ikora nka bariyeri, nubwo bisaba kugenzurwa buri gihe kugirango hatazabaho icyuho.
Ibikorwa byacu byo gukora bihuza ibyo bikoresho hamwe nubuhanga bwo gusudira neza no kubumba kugirango dukureho intege nke. Guhuriza hamwe hamwe nibice byambere byananirana muburyo bubora; kubwibyo, uburyo bwubwubatsi butagira akagero bushyirwa imbere kugirango ubuzima rusange bwigice.
Ibyingenzi Byakoreshejwe Kubora-Kurwanya Umuyoboro
Kohereza a umuyoboro wa tuneli urwanya ruswa bigenwa nuburemere bwibidukikije bikora. Gusobanukirwa aho ibyo bice ari ngombwa bifasha abashinzwe imishinga kwerekana icyiciro cyibikoresho bikwiye. Imirenge ikurikira irerekana imikoreshereze isabwa cyane aho guhumeka bisanzwe byananiranye.
Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro na Metallurgie
Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro butanga umukungugu wuzuyemo sulfure hamwe n'ubushuhe, bigatuma ikirere cyangirika cyane mu nsi. Sisitemu yo guhumeka muri iyi tunel igomba gukora 24/7 kugirango umutekano w'abakozi n'ibikoresho bikonje. Kunanirwa hano birashobora gutuma habaho kwirundanya gaze.
Mu bimera bya metallurgiki, abafana bahura numwotsi ushyushye, acide urekurwa mugihe cyo gushonga. Ihuriro ryubushyuhe bwo hejuru hamwe nigitero cyimiti byihutisha kwambara kubintu bisanzwe. Ingero zacu ziremereye zirashimangirwa cyane cyane mugukwirakwiza ubushyuhe hamwe nubushakashatsi bwimiti, bigatuma imikorere ihamye nubwo ubushyuhe bwa gaze buhindagurika vuba.
Gutunganya amazi mabi hamwe na sisitemu
Hydrogene sulfide (H2S) ni umusaruro ukunze gukoreshwa mu bigo bitunganya amazi y’amazi, azwiho ubushobozi bwo guhinduka aside aside iyo ihuye n’ubushuhe. Iyi "kanseri ifatika" nayo isenya amazu yicyuma. Abafana barwanya ruswa muri uyu murenge ni ingenzi cyane mu kunaniza imyuka y’ubumara iva kuri sitasiyo no mu kibanza cyo kuvura.
Urwego rwubushuhe muribi bidukikije burigihe hafi yo kwiyuzuzamo. Abafana basanzwe basize irangi ibyuma akenshi byangirika mumezi. Mugukoresha FRP cyangwa ibyuma bitagira umwanda cyane, ibice byacu birwanya ruswa ya biyogène sulfide yibasira ibikorwa remezo bya komini, bikagabanya intera yo kubungabunga hamwe nigiciro cyose cya nyirubwite.
Gutunganya imiti ninganda zimiti
Ibihingwa ngandurarugo birimo gutwara no gutunganya ibinyabuzima bihindagurika (VOC) na acide zikomeye. Imyuka iyo ari yo yose isohoka cyangwa ihunze irashobora gushiraho akarere kegeranye cyane. Abafana bakoreshwa mugihe cyihutirwa cyangwa guhumeka neza bigomba guhuzwa nubwoko butandukanye bwimiti ishobora kuba.
Mu gukora imiti, isuku no kurwanya imiti igabanya ubukana nibyingenzi. Abafana bagomba kwihanganira gukaraba kenshi hamwe na disinfectant ikaze nta gutesha agaciro. Kurangiza neza neza byimikorere yacu irinda gukura kwa bagiteri kandi ikarwanya ibitero byimiti kugirango isukure protocole.
Isesengura rigereranya: Ibisanzwe na Ruswa-Kurwanya Ibishushanyo
Gusobanukirwa itandukaniro rigaragara hagati yabafana basanzwe ninganda hamwe na moderi yihariye irwanya ruswa ningirakamaro mubyemezo byamasoko. Mugihe ibiciro byambere byanyuma biri hejuru, agaciro k'ubuzima kararenze cyane mubidukikije.
| Ikiranga | Umufana Winganda | Umufana wa ruswa-Kurwanya-Umuyoboro |
| Primary Material | Icyuma cya Carbone gifite irangi ryibanze | FRP, 316L Ibyuma bitagira umuyonga, cyangwa ibishishwa bibiri |
| Lifespan in Harsh Env. | Imyaka 1-3 mbere yo gutsindwa gukomeye | Imyaka 15–20 + hamwe no gutesha agaciro gake |
| Kubungabunga inshuro | Hejuru (ubugenzuzi buri kwezi bukenewe) | Hasi (buri mwaka cyangwa bi-mwaka igenzura rihagije) |
| Resistance to Acids | Poor (rapid oxidation) | Nibyiza (umutungo wibintu) |
| Total Cost of Ownership | Hejuru kubera abasimbuye nigihe cyo hasi | Hasi kubera kuramba no kwizerwa |
| Safety Rating | General purpose | Akenshi byemejwe kuri zone zangiza / ziturika |
Imbonerahamwe yavuzwe haruguru iragaragaza ko mugihe abafana basanzwe bashobora kuba bahagije kububiko busukuye, bwumye, byangiza mubukungu muri tunel zangirika. Inshuro zo gusimburwa hamwe ningaruka zo guteganya igihe cyateganijwe zirenze kure kuzigama kwambere. Gushora imari mu ntego umuyoboro wa tuneli urwanya ruswa nicyemezo cyibikorwa birinda gukomeza ibikorwa.
Impamvu Uruganda Ibiciro Byibanze Kubikorwa Byinganda
Kugura ibikoresho byo guhumeka mu nganda binyuze mubice byinshi byabashoramari akenshi bizamura ibiciro 20% kugeza 40%. Nkumushinga utaziguye, dukuraho aba bahuza, tunyuza kuzigama kumukoresha wa nyuma. Iyi moderi ni ingirakamaro cyane kubikorwa remezo binini binini aho hakenewe ibice byinshi.
Gusezerana-uruganda-byeruye nabyo bituma habaho kwihitiramo byimbitse. Ibicuruzwa bitari hanze-bidakunze guhura nimbogamizi zidasanzwe cyangwa imikorere ya sisitemu igoye. Mugukorana neza nitsinda ryacu ryubwubatsi, abakiriya barashobora kwerekana igipimo nyacyo cyo gutembera kwikirere, ibisabwa byumuvuduko, hamwe nibikoresho bigize imiterere yihariye ya shimi.
Byongeye kandi, itumanaho ritaziguye ryerekana inzira yo kugurisha nyuma yo kugurisha. Ibibazo bya tekiniki, ibyasabwe igice, nibisabwa garanti bikemurwa ako kanya ninkomoko, bikagabanya igihe cyo gusubiza kuva ibyumweru kugeza kumunsi. Uru rwego rwa serivisi ningirakamaro mugukomeza sisitemu zo guhumeka neza aho buri saha yigihe cyo kubara kibarwa.
Ibyerekeye Abafana ba Zibo Hongcheng: Ubwubatsi Bwiza buva Inkomoko
Intandaro yubushobozi bwacu bwo gukora ni Abafana ba Zibo Hongcheng, muburyo bufatika muri parike yinganda za Zibo Blower mu Ntara ya Shandong, mubushinwa. Ikoresheje ikigo cya metero kare 9000, isosiyete yacu yashinzwe muri 2020 nabashinze bazana uburambe bwimyaka 20 yubucuruzi bwihariye. Ubu buhanga bwashinze imizi buradufasha guca icyuho hagati yubushakashatsi nuburyo bufatika, burambye.
Dutanga portfolio nini igizwe nuruhererekane rurenga 50 hamwe nibisobanuro birenga 600, twibanze cyane kubucukuzi bwamabuye y'agaciro ya axial, umuyaga uhumeka, ibyuma bitagira umwanda, hamwe nibisubizo birwanya ruswa byavuzwe muriki kiganiro. Ibicuruzwa byacu bitanga inganda zinyuranye zinganda, harimo ibirombe byamakara, imirima ya peteroli, inganda zikora imiti, metallurgie, nibikoresho byubaka.
Zibo Hongcheng Abafana bafite imirongo yuzuye yumusaruro hamwe nuburyo bwiza bwo gucunga neza, abafana ba Zibo Hongcheng bareba ko buri gice cyujuje ubuziranenge bwigihugu. Waba ukeneye icyitegererezo gisanzwe cyangwa igisubizo cyateguwe neza kugirango uhuze ibyifuzo byihariye byihariye, itsinda ryacu ryabakozi barenga 30 bitanze ryiyemeje gutanga umuyaga uhumeka neza ugereranya nigihe.
Amahame yubwubatsi inyuma yigihe kirekire
The longevity of a umuyoboro wa tuneli urwanya ruswa yashinze imizi mumahame akomeye yubuhanga arenze guhitamo ibikoresho. Harimo uburyo bwuzuye bwo gushushanya, kuringaniza imbaraga zamazi, ubukanishi bwububiko, hamwe nubushakashatsi bwimiti.
Imikorere ya Aerodinamike mubikoresho biremereye-byinshingano
Ikintu kimwe gikunze kwibeshya nuko ibikoresho birwanya ruswa nka FRP biremereye cyane cyangwa bikabije kugirango bigerweho neza. Nyamara, tekinoroji igezweho igezweho itanga ubuso bworoshye cyane burangiza kugabanya imivurungano hamwe nigihombo cyo guterana amagambo. Abadutera imbaraga baringaniza muburyo bwa ISO, bakemeza ko urwego rwo kunyeganyega ruguma hasi nubwo rwihuta cyane.
Icyuma cya geometrie cyateguwe neza ukoresheje ibishushanyo mbonera byamazi (CFD). Ibi byemeza ko umufana atanga urugero rwumuyaga ukenewe hamwe ningufu nkeya. Mubikorwa bya tunnel, aho abafana biruka ubudahwema, ndetse niterambere rito mumikorere bisobanura kuzigama ingufu nyinshi mubuzima bwibikoresho.
Kurinda moteri no kwigunga
Moteri numutima wabafana, nyamara akenshi usanga aribintu byoroshye kwibasirwa muburyo bubora. Ibishushanyo byacu birerekana ingamba zikomeye zo kwigunga. Muburyo bwinshi, moteri yashizwe hanze yumuyaga, ihujwe nigiti gifunze hamwe na kashe yubukorikori bukomeye.
Kubisabwa aho moteri igomba kuba itemba, dukoresha moteri ifunze rwose ya moteri ikonje (TEFC) ifite moteri yihariye ya epoxy kumazu no kuzunguruka. Guteranya inteko birinzwe hamwe na kashe ya labyrint hamwe na sisitemu yo gusiga amavuta kugirango birinde kwangirika. Izi ngamba zo kurinda ibyiciro byinshi zituma sisitemu yo gutwara ibinyabiziga ikomera.
Intambwe ku yindi Intambwe yo Guhitamo Umufana Ukwiye
Guhitamo igisubizo gikwiye cyo guhumeka bisaba gusuzuma buri gihe uko urubuga rwawe rumeze. Gukurikiza ubu buryo bwubatswe byemeza ko uhitamo a umuyoboro wa tuneli urwanya ruswa ibyo byujuje imikorere n'ibisabwa biramba.
- Intambwe ya 1: Gusesengura Ibidukikije
Menya umwanda wihariye uhari (urugero, H2S, chlorine, igihu cyumunyu). Menya urwego rwibanze hamwe nubushyuhe buringaniye. Aya makuru ateganya amanota akenewe (FRP na Steelless Steel). - Intambwe ya 2: Sobanura ibipimo ngenderwaho
Kubara ikirere gikenewe (CFM cyangwa m³ / h) n'umuvuduko uhagaze. Reba uburebure bwumurongo hamwe nuburwanya ubwo aribwo bwose buterwa no kugunama cyangwa gushungura. Ingano nyayo irinda imikorere idahwitse cyangwa gukoresha ingufu nyinshi. - Intambwe ya 3: Suzuma inzitizi zo kwishyiriraho
Suzuma umwanya uhari, icyerekezo (horizontal cyangwa vertical), hamwe nuburyo bwo kubungabunga. Ibikoresho bimwe bya tunnel bisaba ibishushanyo mbonera cyangwa flanges yihariye. - Intambwe ya 4: Subiramo ibyemezo byumutekano
Menya neza ko umufana yujuje ubuziranenge bwumutekano waho, cyane cyane niba imyuka iturika ihari. Shakisha ATEX, IECEx, cyangwa ibyemezo bihwanye nubwubatsi butarwanya ikirere. - Intambwe ya 5: Suzuma ibiciro byubuzima
Gereranya igiciro cyambere cyubuguzi ugereranije no kubungabunga no gusimbuza imyaka 10. Shyira imbere ibisubizo hamwe nibikorwa byerekanwe mubikorwa bisa.
Mugukurikiza ubu buryo bwo gutoranya, injeniyeri n'abashinzwe amasoko barashobora kwirinda kudahuza bihenze hagati yubushobozi bwibikoresho nibidukikije. Itsinda ryacu rya tekinike rirahari kugirango rifashe gusobanura amakuru yurubuga no gutanga inama nziza.
Kwishyiriraho imyitozo myiza yo kuramba ntarengwa
Ndetse numufana wo murwego rwohejuru arashobora gukora nabi iyo yashizwemo nabi. Kwiyubaka neza nibyingenzi kugirango umenye inyungu zuzuye zishushanya ruswa. Ubwa mbere, menya neza ko imiyoboro yose ihuza imiyoboro ifunze cyane kugirango wirinde kumeneka, bishobora gutera kuzenguruka no kugabanya imikorere.
Icya kabiri, genzura ko urufatiro ruringaniye kandi rukomeye. Kunyeganyega gukabije biva mu gihagararo kidahungabana birashobora gutuma habaho kubyara imburagihe no kuvunika umutima mu nzu. Koresha vibrateri yigenga aho usabwa kugabanya urusaku rukora no kurinda imiterere.
Hanyuma, shyira mu bikorwa protocole ikubiyemo kugenzura icyerekezo cyo kuzenguruka, gupima amp gushushanya, no kugenzura igipimo cy’ikirere kijyanye n'ibishushanyo mbonera. Kwandika ibipimo fatizo bitanga ingingo yerekana kubitaho no gukemura ibibazo.
Ingamba zo Kubungabunga Ibidukikije byangirika
Mugihe abakunzi ba tunnel irwanya ruswa zubatswe kuramba, kubungabunga ibikorwa bikomeza kuba ngombwa kugirango ubuzima bwabo bugerweho. Porogaramu itunganijwe neza itahura ibimenyetso byambere byo kwambara mbere yuko bikura kunanirwa bikomeye.
Kugenzura Inzira
Igenzura risanzwe rigomba kwibanda kumiterere ya blade hamwe nubutaka bwimbere. Shakisha ibimenyetso byose byerekana gutwika, guhindura ibara, cyangwa gutobora hejuru. Mubice bya FRP, reba niba crazing cyangwa fibre yerekanwe, bishobora kwerekana kwangirika kwa UV cyangwa gutera imiti.
Isesengura rya Vibration ni ikindi gikoresho gikomeye. Kongera urwego rwo kunyeganyega akenshi byerekana ubusumbane bitewe nububiko bwibikoresho kuri blade cyangwa kwambara. Gushyira mubikorwa tekinoroji yo gufata neza itanga ibikoresho kugirango gahunda yo gusana mugihe cyateganijwe cyo guhagarara aho kwitabira ibyihutirwa.
Gusukura no Gusimbuza Ibigize
Umukungugu wuzuye cyangwa ibisigazwa bya chimique birashobora guhindura imiterere yindege yumuyaga kandi ikongeramo uburemere budakenewe. Shiraho gahunda yisuku ikwiranye nubwoko bwanduye. Koresha ibikoresho byogusukura bidasebanya bitabangamiye ibikoresho birinda umufana ubwabyo.
Ikidodo na gaseke ni ibintu biribwa bitesha agaciro igihe, ndetse no mubikoresho birwanya. Gusimburana buri gihe kashe ya kashe hamwe na gasketi ihuriweho birinda kwinjiza amazi muri moteri cyangwa gutwara amazu. Kugumana ububiko bwibikoresho byingenzi bituma kugarura serivisi byihuse niba igice cyananiranye.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa (Ibibazo)
Ikibazo: Ubusanzwe umuyoboro wa tunnel urwanya ruswa umara igihe kingana iki?
Igisubizo: Hamwe no guhitamo neza no kubungabunga, aba bafana barashobora gukora neza mumyaka 15 kugeza 20 cyangwa irenga mubidukikije. Igihe cyo kubaho ahanini giterwa nuburemere bwimiti ihura nuburyo bukwiye bwibintu byatoranijwe.
Ikibazo: Aba bafana barashobora gukoresha imyuka yubushyuhe bwo hejuru?
Igisubizo: Yego, moderi yihariye yakozwe kugirango ihangane nubushyuhe bwo hejuru. Muguhuza ibisigazwa bidashobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe muri FRP cyangwa dukoresheje ibinyobwa byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, turashobora guhitamo abafana gukora neza mubidukikije birenze ubushyuhe busanzwe.
Ikibazo: Ni ikihe gihe cyo kuyobora ibice byakorewe ibicuruzwa?
Igisubizo: Nkuruganda-rutunganya uruganda, dukomeza imirongo yumusaruro woroshye. Iboneza bisanzwe birashobora koherezwa mugihe cyibyumweru bike, mugihe ibisubizo byabigenewe cyane birashobora gusaba igihe kirekire kugirango habeho gukora neza no gukora ibizamini.
Ikibazo: Utanga amahitamo adashobora guturika mubisabwa ubucukuzi?
A: Absolutely. Dutanga urutonde rwimyubakire irwanya ibyuka na moteri byemewe ahantu hashobora guteza akaga. Ibi bice byashizweho kugirango birinde inkomoko yibidukikije birimo imyuka yaka cyangwa ivumbi.
Ikibazo: Nigute ibiciro bitaziguye byinganda bigirira akamaro imishinga mito?
Igisubizo: Urunani rwacu rutanga isoko rugabanya ibiciro byo hejuru tutitaye kubunini bwa ordre. Imishinga mito yunguka ibiciro bimwe byapiganiwe hamwe ninkunga ya tekiniki nkamasezerano manini y'ibikorwa remezo, bigatuma umuyaga mwiza wo hejuru ugera kuri bose.
Kazoza ka Tekinoroji Yinganda
Imiterere y’ubuhumekero mu nganda iragenda ihinduka, bitewe n’amabwiriza akomeye y’ibidukikije kandi hakenewe ingufu nyinshi. The next generation of abakunzi ba tunnel irwanya ruswa izahuza ubushobozi bwo gukurikirana ubwenge, kwemerera-igihe-cyo gukurikirana ibipimo ngenderwaho hamwe na sisitemu yo kuburira hakiri kare kubibazo bishobora kuvuka.
Iterambere muri nanocoatings naryo riri kuri horizone, ryizeza ko rizarwanya cyane amatsinda yihariye ya chimique mugihe bigabanya ubushyamirane bwubutaka. Ibi bishya bizakomeza kwagura intera no kunoza imikorere muri sisitemu. Kuguma imbere yibi bigenda byerekana ko ibikorwa remezo bikomeza kubahiriza kandi bikoresha amafaranga menshi.
Kuramba ni undi mushoferi wingenzi. Ibishushanyo bigezweho byibanda ku kugabanya ingufu zikoreshwa hifashishijwe uburyo bwiza bwo mu kirere hamwe na moteri ikora neza. Kugabanya ikirenge cya karuboni yibikorwa byinganda ntibikiri ngombwa, kandi guhumeka neza bigira uruhare runini mugushikira inyubako nicyatsi.
Umwanzuro n'intambwe zikurikira
Guhitamo igisubizo gikwiye cyo guhumeka nicyemezo gikomeye kigira ingaruka kumutekano, gukomeza ibikorwa, no mubikorwa byimari. A. umuyoboro wa tuneli urwanya ruswa ni ishoramari mu kwizerwa, ritanga uburinzi butagereranywa bwo kwirinda ingaruka mbi z’inganda zangiza inganda. Muguhitamo uruganda rutaziguye nka Fans ya Zibo Hongcheng, ntushobora kurinda gusa ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa bishyigikiwe nimyaka 20 yubumenyi bwinganda ariko nanone ibiciro byapiganwa hamwe nubufasha bwihariye bwa tekiniki.
Iki gisubizo nicyiza kubashinzwe ibikoresho, abashinzwe ubucukuzi bwamabuye y'agaciro, hamwe nabateza imbere ibikorwa remezo bashyira imbere agaciro kigihe kirekire kuruta kuzigama igihe gito. Niba umushinga wawe urimo guhura na acide, umunyu, cyangwa imyotsi yubumara, ibikoresho bisanzwe ntibishobora kugereranwa nigihe kirekire cyibishushanyo mbonera birwanya ruswa.
Kugirango umenye neza ko sisitemu yo guhumeka yujuje ibyo ukeneye, turasaba gutangiza inama hamwe nitsinda ryacu ryubwubatsi. Sangira ibipimo byurubuga rwawe nibibazo bikora, kandi reka dusabe igisubizo cyihariye gihuza imikorere, kuramba, hamwe nigiciro-cyiza. Shira kuramba kubikorwa remezo byawe uyumunsi hamwe numufana wubatswe kwihangana.
